The classification of gymnospermous plants

Divya Darshan Pant

doi:10.54991/jop.1957.557

Authors

Divya Darshan Pant Botany Department, The University, Allahabad

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1957.557

Abstract

Various systems of classification of the gymnospermous plants are briefly reviewed. Arnold's classification (Bot. Gaz., 1948) is tentatively modified as follows:

Division: Cycadophyta- Class 1. Pteridospermopsida, Orders: 1. Lyginopteridales, 2. Medullosales, 3. Glossopteridales, 4. Peltaspermales, 5. Corystospermales, 6. Caytoniales; Class 2. Cycadopsida, Order: 7. Cycadales; Class 3. Pentoxylopsida, Order: 8. Pentoxylales; Class 4. Cycadeoideopsida, Order 9. Cycadeoideales.

Division: Chlamydospermophyta- Class Gnetopsida, Orders: 1. Gnetales (restricted to Gnetum), 2. Welwitschiales. Division: Coniferophyta- Class 1. Coniferopsida, Orders: 1. Cordaitales. 2. Ginkgoales; 3. Coniferales; Class 2. Ephedropsida. 4. Ephedrales; Class 3. Czekanowskiopsida. Order: 5. Czekanowskiales; Class 4. Taxopsida. Order: 6. Taxales.

The position of the Pentoxylales, Ephedrales, Glossopteridales and Czekanowskiales is discussed in the light of recent research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Arnold CA (1948). Classification of the gymnosperms from the viewpoint of Palaeobotany. Bot. Gaz. 110(1): 2-12.

Benson M (1921). The grouping of vascular plants. New Phyt. 20: 82-89.

Bentham G & Hooker JD (1862-1883). Genera Plantarum. Kew.

Berry EW (1917). The classification of vascular plants. Nat. Acad. Sci. 3: 330-333.

Brongniart A (1943). Enumeration des genres de plantes & c. Paris.

Brown R (1827). Character and description of Kingia, with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum on the female flower of Cycadaceae and coniferae.

Chamberlain CJ (1920). The living Cycads and the phylogeny of seed plants. American J. Bot. 7: 146-153.

Chamberlain CJ (1935). Gymnosperms, structure and evolution. Chicago.

Chaudefaud M (1944). Les Prephanerogames. Rev. Scient. Anee Paris. 82.

Coulter JM & Chamberlain CJ (1903). Morphology of Angiosperms. Chicago.

Coulter JM & Chamberlain CJ (1910). Morphology of Gymnosperms. Chicago.

Eames AJ (1952). Relationships of the Ephedrales. Phytomorphology. 2: 79-100.

Eichler AW (1883). Syllabusder Vorlesungen, Ed. 3.

Emberger L (1944). Les Plantes Fossiles dans leurs rapports avec les vegetaux vivants. Paris.

Endlicher S (1936-1840). Genera Plantarum.

Engler A (1892). Syllabus der Vorlesungen uber specielle und medicinish-pharmaceutische Botanik.

Engler A, Melchior H & Werdermann E (1954). Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Ed. 12(1).

Engler A & Prantl K (1926). Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 13. Gymnospermae by R. Pilger.

Favre-Duchartre M (1943). Sur le comportment des ovules de Ginkgo biloba. Bull. Soc. Bot. France. Paris. 90: 111-116.

Florin R (1931). Untersuchungen zur Stamesgeschichte der Coniferales und Cordaitales. I. Morphologie und Epidermistructur der Assimilationsorgane bei den rezenten Koniferen. K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 3 ser. 10: 1-588.

Florin R (1934). Die Spatloffnungsapparate von Welwitschia mirabilis Hooker. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 28: 264-289.

Florin R (1938-45). Die Koniferen des Oberkarbons und des unteren Perms. Pts. 1-8. Palaeontographica. B85. Stuttgart.

Florin R (1948). On the morphology and relationships of the Taxaceae. Bot. Gaz. 110: 31-39.

Florin R (1951). Evolution in Cordaites and Conifers. Acta Horti Bergiani. 15: 285-388.

Harris TM (1940). Caytonia. Ann. Bot. N.S. 4: 713-734.

Harris TM (1951a). The relationship of the Caytoniales. Phytomorphology. 1: 29-39.

Harris TM (1951b). The Fructification of Czekanowskia and its allies. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. B235: 483-508.

Hirase S (1896). (Anouncement of the Spermatozoid of Ginkgo). Bot. Mag. Tokyo. 10: 171-172.

Hoffmeister W (1851). Vergleichende Untersuchungen der hoherer Cryptogamen und der Samen bildung der Coniferen. Leipzig. (Engl. Translation by Currey, F. 1862).

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Utrecht. 1956.

Lam HJ (1950). Stachyospory and phyllospory as factors in the natural system in the Cormophyta. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 44: 517-534.

Lam HJ (1957). Discussion of Mrs. Plumstead’s paper on Ottokaria. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 59: 226-232.

Mittre V (1953). A male flower of the Pentoxleae with remarks on the structure of the female cones of the group. The Palaeobotanist. 2: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1953.435

Oldham RD (1897). On a plant of Glossopteris with part of the rhizome attached and on the structure of Vertebraria. Res. Geo. Surv. India. 30 (Pt. 1): 45-50.

Pant DD (1956). On two compressed Palaeozoic axes: Stigmaria ficoides in the Gymnostrobus condition and Vertebraria indica. Ann. Bot. N.S. 20: 419-429.

Pant DD (1957). The structure of some leaves and fructifications of the Glossopteris flora of Tanganyika. Bull. Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist.) London. Geol. 3(4): 127-175.

Pearson HHW (1909). Further observations on Welwitschia. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. B200: 331-402.

Pearson HHW (1929). Gnetales. Cambridge.

Plumstead EP (1952). Description of two new genera and six new species of fructifications borne on Glossopteris leaves. Trans Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 55: 281-328.

Plumstead EP (1956). Bisexual fructifications borne on Glossopteris leaves from S. Africa. Palaeontographica. B100: 1-25.

Plumstead EP (1957). On Ottokaria the fructification of Gangamopteris. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 59: 211-236.

Pulle A (1938). The classification of the spermatophytes. Chron. Bot. 4: 109-113.

Rendle AB (1930). The classification of Flowering Plants. 1. Cambridge.

Sahni B (1920). On the structure and affinities of Acmopyle pancheri Pilger. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. B210: 253-310.

Sahni B (1923). The cuticular structure of Glossopteris angustifolia Brong. Rec. Geol. Surv. India. 54(3): 277-280.

Sahni B (1948). The Pentoxyleae: a new group of Jurassic gymnosperms from the Rajmahal Hills of India. Bot. Gaz. 110: 47-80.

Schnarf K (1937). Anatomie der Gymnospermen-samen. In Linsbauer, K. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Pt. II, 10. Berlin.

Schoute JC (1925). La nature morphologique da bourgeon feminine des Cordaites. Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 12: 113-127.

Scott DH (1923). Studies in Fossil Botany. 2. London.

Srivastava BP (1946). Silicified plant-remains from the Rajmahal series of India. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India. 15: 185-211.

Srivastava PN (1956). Studies in the Glossopteris flora of India. 4. Glossopteris, Gnagamopteris and Palaeovittaria from the Raniganj coalfield. The Palaeobotanist 5: 1-45. https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1956.483

Stewart WN & Devevoryas T (1956). The medullosan pteridosperms. Bot. Rev. 22: 45-80.

Strasburger E (1879). Die Angiospermen and die Gymnospermen. Jena.

Surange KR & Srivastava PN (1956). Studies in the Glossopteris flora India. 5. Generic status of Glossopteris, Gangamopteris and Palaeovittaria. The Palaeobotanist. 5: 46-49. https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1956.484

Takhtajan AL (1953). Phylogenetic Principles of the system of higher plants. Bot. Rev. 19: 1-45.

Thomas HH (1933). On some pteridospermous plants from the Mesozoic rocks of South Africa. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. B222: 193-265.

Thomas HH (1958). Lidgettonia, a new type of fertile Glossopteris. Bull. Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist.) London. Geol. 3(5).

Van Tieghem Ph (1898). Elements de Botanique. Ed. 3.

Walton J (1931). Contributions to the knowledge of Lower Carboniferous plants. Pt. 3. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. B219: 347-379.

Walton J (1949). Calathospermum scoticum – an ovuliferous fructification of lower Carboniferous age from Dumbartonshire. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh. 61 (Pt. 3): 719-728.

Walton J & Wilson JAR (1932). On the structure of Vertebraria. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh. 52:200-207.

Zeiller R (1896). Etude sur quelques plantes fossiles, en particulier Vertebraria et Glossopteris, des environs des Johannesburg (Transvaal). Bull. Soc. Geol. France. Paris (Ser. 3). 24: 349-378.

Zeiller R (1902). Observations sur quelques plantes fossiles des Lower Gondwanas. Mem. Geol. Surv. India (Pal. Ind.) N.S. 2(1): 1-32.