Fossil woods from the Lower Siwalik beds of Himachal Pradesh, India

U. Prakash

doi:10.54991/jop.1973.941

Authors

U. Prakash Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow 226007, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1973.941

Abstract

Fossil woods resembling those of Dipterocarpus, Albizzia, Cassia, Cynometra, Millettia and a species of Dryoxylon are described in the present paper from the Lower Siwalik beds of Khokhra near Nalagarh in Himachal Pradesh. These are Dipterocarpoxylon sivalicus sp. nov., D. nalagarhense sp. nov., D. premacrocarpum sp. nov., Albizzinium eolebbekianum gen. et sp. nov., Cassinium prefistulai gen. et sp. nov., Cynometroxylon indicum Chowdhury & Ghosh, Miliettioxylon pongamiensis sp. nov., and Dryoxylon nahanai sp. nov. Present distribution of the modern comparable forms of the fossil species indicates a more humid climate in this region during the Lower Siwalik period. Dipterocarpus which was once so profuse in this region, now grows in north-eastern and southern parts of India. This is because of a drier climate that has prevailed in this region since the Pliocene.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Awasthi N. 1967. Fossil wood resembling that of Millettia from the Tertiary of South India. Curr. Sci. 36 (7): 180-181.

Awasthi N 1975. Revision of some dicotyledonous woods from the Tertiary of South India. The Palaeobotanist. 22 (3): (In Press).

Banerjee D 1968. Siwalik microflora from Punjab (India). Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol. 6: 171-176.

Bhatia SB & Mathur AK 1970. First record of Charophyta from the Upper Siwaliks, near Pinjore. Bull. Indian geol. Assoc. 3 (1 & 2): 27-28.

Brazier JD & Franklin GL 1961. Identification of hard woods. A microscope key. Bull. Forest Prod. Research Lond. 46: 1-96.

Chowdhury KA & Ghosh SS 1946. On the anatomy of Cynometroxylon indicum gen. et sp. nov., a fossil dicotyledonous wood from Nailalung, Assam. Proc. nat. Inst. Sci. India. 12 (8): 435-447.

Eyde RH 1963. A Shoreoxylon and two other Tertiary woods from the Garo Hills, Assam. The Palaeobotanist. 11 (1 & 2): 115-121, 1962. https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1962.630

Felix J 1882. Studien uber fossile holzer. Diss. Leipzig: 1-82.

Gamble JS 1902. A manual of Indian timbers. London.

Ghosh SS 1956. On a fossil wood belonging to the genus Dipterocarpus. Sci. & Cult. 21: 691-692.

Ghosh SS & Ghosh AK 1958. Anisopteroxylon jawalamukhi sp. nov., a new fossil record from the Siwaliks. Sci. & Cult. 24: 238-241.

Ghosh SS & Ghosh AK 1959. Dipterocarpoxylon malavii sp. nov., a new fossil record from the Pliocene of Kutch. Sci. & Cult. 25: 328-332.

Henderson FY 1953. An atlas of end-grain photomicrographs for the identification of hardwoods. Bull. Forest Prod. Res. Lond. 26: 1-87.

Kanehira R 1924. Identification of Philippine woods by anatomical characters. Taihoku, Formosa.

Kanjilal UN, Kanjilal PC & Das A 1938. Flora of Assam. Vol. 2. Calcutta.

Kribs DA 1959. Commercial foreign woods on the American market. Pennsylvania.

Lakhanpal RN 1965. Occurrence of Zizyphus in the Lower Siwaliks near Jawalamukhi. Curr. Sci. 34 (23): 666-667.

Lakhanpal RN 1967. Fossil Rhamnaceae from the Lower Siwalik beds near Jawalamukhi (Himachal Pradesh). Pub. Cent. Ad. St. Geol. Panj. Univ. Chandigarh. 3: 23-26, 1966.

Lakhanpal RN 1968. A new fossil Ficus from the Siwalik beds near Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh. Pub. Cent. Ad. St. Geol. Panj. Univ. Chandigarh. 5: 17-19.

Lakhanpal RN 1969. Fossil Fissistigma from the Lower Siwaliks near Jawalamukhi, India. J. Sen Memorial Vol.: 311-312.

Lakhanpal RN 1970. Tertiary floras of India and their bearing on the historical geology of the region. Taxon. 19 (5): 675-694.

Lakhanpal RN & Dayal R 1966. Lower Siwalik plants from near Jawalamukhi, Panjab. Curr. Sci. 35 (8): 209-211.

Lebaco L 1957. Atlas anatomie des bois du Congo. Belge. Vol. 3. Spermatophytes. Bruxelles.

Lukose NG 1969. Microfossils from the Middle Siwaliks of Bihar, India. J. Palynol. 4 (2): 107-112.

Moll JW & Janssonius HH 1914. Mikrographie des Holzes der auf Java vorkommenden Baumarten. Vol. 3. Leiden.

Muller-Stoll WR & Erika Madel 1967. Die Fossilen Leguminosen-Holzer. Palaeontographica. 119B: 95-174.

Nandi B 1972. Some observations on the microflora of Middle Siwalik sediments of Mohand (east) field, Himachal Pradesh. Proc. Sem. Palaeopalynol. Indian Strat. Calcutta. 375-383, 1971.

Nandi B & Bandopadhya N 1970. Preliminary observations on the microfossils and microstructures of Siwalik lignite from Himachal Pradesh, India. Sci. & Cult. 36 (4): 240- 242.

Niktin AA 1935. 1935. A new wood from the Upper Pliocene of Eastern Georgia. Trudy naft. geol. raswed. hist. Ser. B. 51: 52-54.

Normand D 1950. Atlas de bois de la cote u'lvoire. Vol. 1. Nogent-Sur-Marne (Seine).

Pathak NR 1969. Megafossils from the foot hills of Darjeeling district, India. Sen Mem. Volume: 379-384.

Pearson RS & Brown HP 1932. Commercial timbers of India. Vols. 1, 2. Calcutta.

Prakash U 1965. Dipterocarpoxylon tertiarum sp. nov., a new fossil wood from the Tertiary of Burma. Curr. Sci. 34 (8): 254-255.

Prakash U 1967. Fossil wood of Cassia and Cynometra from the Tertiary beds of Mikir Hills, Assam. Pub Cent. Ad. St. Geol. Panj. Univ. Chandigarh. 3: 93-100, 1966.

Prakash U 1973. Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Burma. The Palaeobotanist. 20 (1): 48-70, 1971. https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1971.887

Prakash U & Awasthi N 1970. Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Eastern India. I. The Palaeobotanist. 18 (1): 32-44, 1969. https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1969.816

Prakash U & Awasthi N 1971. Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Eastern India. II. The Palaeobotanist. 18 (3): 219-225, 1969. https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1969.839

Prakash U & Barghoorn ES 1961. Miocene fossil woods from the Columbia Basalts of Central Washington. J. Arn. Arbr. 42 (2): 165-203.

Ramanujam CGK 1960. Silicified woods from the Tertiary rocks of South India. Palaeontographica. 106B: 99-140.

Ramanujam CGK & Raghu Rama Rao M 1966. On the occurrence of Cynometroxylon indicum Chowdhury & Ghosh from the Cuddalore sandstone series. Curr. Sci. 35 (6): 158-159.

Rawat MS 1964. A new species of Dipterocarpoxylon from Siwalik formation of Uttar Pradesh. Sci. & Cult. 30: 337-338.

Rawat MS 1964-65. Bauhinioxylon indicum gen. et sp. nov., a new dicotyledonous fossil wood from India. Proc. Combd. 51st & 52nd Indian Sci. Congr. 23: 425.

Reyes LJ 1938. Philippine woods. Philippine Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull. 7: 27-449.

Sahni B 1931. Materials for a monograph of the Indian petrified palms. Proc. Acad. Sci. U.P. 1: 140-144.

Sahni B 1964. Revisions of Indian Fossil Plants. III. Monocotyledons. B.S.I.P. Lucknow. Monograph 1: 1-89.

Schneider EE 1916. Commercial woods of the Phillppines. Their preparation and uses. Philippine Bur. Forestry Bull. 14.

Tewari BS & Sharma SP 1972. Some fossil charophytes from Upper Siwalik near Chandigarh, India. Bull. Indian geol. Assoc. 5 (1 & 2): 1-21.

Varma CP 1968. On a collection of leaf impressions from Hardwar beds (Shivalik formation) near Hardwar, Uttar Pradesh. J. Palaeont. Soc. India. 5-9: 83-88.